Book Review: “Scotland’s Medieval Queens: From Saint Margaret to Margaret of Denmark” by Sharon Bennett Connolly

Scotland is a land of beauty and a culture all its own, but when it comes to the history of the Scottish monarchy only one word will suffice, messy. The tales of the Scottish monarchy are full of tragedies, violence, and bloody ends. As so often with many other monarchies we tend to focus on the men who wore the crown and those around them, but what about the tales of the queens who stood beside their husbands? The stories of the medieval queens of Scotland have often been overlooked for their more famous husbands, until now. Sharon Bennett Connolly has compiled the stories of these queens in her latest book, “Scotland’s Medieval Queens: From Saint Margaret to Margaret of Denmark.”

I want to thank Pen and Sword Books and Net Galley for sending me a copy of this book. I am a big fan of Sharon Bennett Connolly and her books, so when I heard that she was writing a book about Scottish medieval queens, I knew I wanted to read it. I know very little about Scottish history, other than the Stewarts because of a different book, so I was excited to learn more.

As Connolly states in her introduction, her inspiration for this book was from the Shakespearean play Macbeth, specifically the character of Lady Macbeth. A historical figure who has been much maligned in history, Lady Macbeth’s actual name was Gruoch, and her story and Macbeth’s make a fabulous introduction to her book. We stay in the 11th century with the first queen featured heavily in this text, and that is the only saint, Saint Margaret, the wife of Malcolm III and the one who reformed the Scottish Church.

We get to explore the daughters-in-law of Saint Margaret, Ethelreda of Northumbria, Sybilla of Normandy, and Matilda of Senlis who played more quiet roles than the saintly woman whose shoes they were trying to fill. It should be noted that there were some women like Ada de Warenne who never sat on a throne or wore a crown but were the mother of a future King of Scotland, Malcolm IV the Maiden. Since Malcolm never married or had kids, the throne passed to his brother William the Lion, who was not a huge fan of the English and helped establish the Auld Alliance, with his wife Queen Ermengarde by his side. Although the Scottish did not have the best relationships with the English, it did not mean that they didn’t try to establish peace through marriage with English princesses like Joan of England and Margaret of England. Along the way, a princess of Scotland named Margaret of Scotland married Erik II of Norway, and their daughter Margaret Maid of Norway would become the first Queen Regent of Scotland, albeit for a short period.

After the death of Margaret Maid of Norway, there was to no one’s surprise, a fight for the throne that culminated with John Balliol becoming King of Scotland. The throne would pass to Robert the Bruce, with a feature from a certain rebel named William Wallace. Things were not easy for the Bruce women such as Elizabeth de Burgh and Marjorie Bruce. We also had women like Joan of the Tower and Margaret Drummond who tried to help David Bruce of Scotland rule with different results. Finally, we reach the origins of the House of Stewart with women like Euphemia Ross, Annabella Drummond, Joan Beaufort, Mary of Guelders, and finally Margaret of Denmark. Each woman added something different to the story of Scotland and had to deal with war, executions, childbirth, religious matters, and political intrigue in their unique ways to better Scotland.

I have to applaud Connolly for the amount of history she was able to cover in a single book as she covered four centuries worth of Scottish royal history and made it relatively easy to follow along. I learned so much about Scotland’s royal history and the remarkable women who were queens of Scotland. If you want a fantastic introduction to the turbulent world of medieval Scotland and the women who helped shape the monarchy, I strongly recommend you read, “Scotland’s Medieval Queens: From Saint Margaret to Margaret of Denmark” by Sharon Bennett Connolly.

Guest Post: “The Auld Alliance” by J R Tomlin

The Douglas Bastard Tour Banner 1Today, I am pleased to welcome J R Tomlin to my blog to share a guest post as part of the blog tour for her latest novel, “The Douglas Bastard / The Archibald the Grim Series.” I would like to thank J R Tomlin and The Coffee Pot Book Club for allowing me to be part of this blog tour. 

Many people think that Scotland always fought alone against the English conquest. This was partially true.

In 1290, civil war loomed after the death of Scotland’s seven-year-old queen, Margaret, the Maid of Norway. The Scots turned to what they thought was a friendly monarch, England’s King Edward I. (Sounds crazy, I know, but Scotland and England had been at peace for most of the 13th century). The Scottish government started looking for allies. Phillip IV had just declared England’s possession of Gascony forfeit, so an alliance between Scotland and France looked like a good idea. A Scottish embassy traveled to negotiate with King Phillip, and the Treaty of Paris was signed on October 24, 1295.

In the short term, the alliance was no protection for Scotland. Edward invaded Scotland in 1296, temporarily crushed resistance, stripped the King of Scots, John de Balliol, whom he had chosen, and temporarily ended any Scottish government. It was, in effect, a province of England. Three years later, England and France signed a treaty of perpetual peace, leaving Scotland on its own. In France’s defense, there was effectively no Scottish government for it to support.

As we all know, Scotland refused to remain crushed. Andrew de Moray led the resistance in the north of Scotland, and William Wallace, aided by Robert the Bruce and Sir William Douglas, raised an army in the south. They joined forces to defeat the English at the Battle of Stirling Bridge. De Moray was killed in that battle. Wallace had probably met with the King of France but received no French aid, and the Scottish resistance was once more crushed, ending with the execution of Wallace. 

Again, Scotland refused to stay crushed and rose once again under the leadership of King Robert the Bruce. But the Bruce had killed one of the Balliol (remember them?) inside a church. (I reject the idea that it was a planned ambush. The Bruce was too intelligent a man to plan to do something so stupid) The pope almost immediately excommunicated him and all of his followers. Luckily for him and Scotland, many Scottish bishops rejected the ex-communication based on English lies to the pope. But the effect was that the King of France would defy the pope by coming to the aid of a government under anathema. 

The war lasted a very long time, and it was not until In 1324 that Bruce’s nephew, Thomas Randolph, Earl of Moray, met the Pope in person at his court in Avignon. Randolph successfully persuaded Pope John to recognize Robert as King of Scots, a major diplomatic coup that allowed the French the option of renewing relations with Scotland. A new, largely precautionary, treaty between France and Scotland, again negotiated by the Earl of Moray, was signed two years later.

The following year, King Edward III signed a treaty recognizing Scotland’s independence and Robert the Bruce as the rightful King of Scots. That should have been the end of it. See me roll my eyes.

King Robert died in 1327, leaving his only son, then five years old, as king and Thomas Randolph as regent.

Edward III felt humiliated by his defeat in the field by a Scottish army led by Sir James Douglas and Thomas Randolph and by having had to sign a peace treaty with Scotland. He backed John Balliol’s claim to the throne of Scotland and repudiated the peace treaty. Randolph died on his way to fight the invasion by Balliol, which the English king secretly backed. So now, that treaty with France would have some use.

At first, the defense against the invasion went badly. Many leading nobles were killed at the Battle of Dupplin Moor, including the new Guardian and thousands of Scottish troops. Although Balliol was then driven from Scotland by a later attack by the Scots, King Edward openly invaded. Soon most of Scotland was in English hands, with only a few castles holding out, and a majority of Scottish nobles, at least for a time, swore fealty to the English and their pretender. 

Now Scotland needed that ally.  In the winter of 1332, King Phillip dispatched a flotilla of ten ships to aid the Scots, but they were blown off course in a storm and never arrived. In the spring of 1334, £1000 came from France to be distributed to the Scottish defenders along with an offer of sanctuary to young King David, his queen, and members of his court. David or Moravia, Bishop of Moray and determined defender of Scottish independence, founded the Scots College of the University of Paris in 1333. He had to have been in Scotland at the time and may have had some influence on France.

The situation in Scotland was desperate enough that the Scots accepted the offer. In May 1334, King David and Queen Joanna arrived in France, along with their confessors, tutors in arts and arms, the king’s sisters, the Douglas children, the late regent’s sons, other children of Scottish nobles, and a number of clerics and nobles. They were given Château Gaillard as a residence. The French regularly sent supplies to Scotland and paid an annual pension of £2000 for the upkeep of King David’s court in exile. In June 1339, William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale, visited King David in France and returned to Scotland, taking with him Arnoul d’Audrehen in command of 200 French troops and several ships, which aided in the attack on and capture of Perth. I have some doubt that Scotland as a kingdom would have survived without this ongoing aid.

In 1346, Edward overwhelmed French forces at the Battle of Crécy. Two months later, David II of Scotland was captured at the Battle of Neville’s Cross in response to a request from the French to attack England in order to force King Edward to return home; King David invaded England. The English captured him at the disastrous Battle of Neville’s Cross. However, the French continued to supply money and some troops to distract King Edward from his war in France, sending substantial funds and about sixty knights to aid in the capture of Berwick. Berwick was quickly lost, but it distracted Edward, who led a large army to ravage southern Scotland. William Douglas, later 1st Earl of Douglas, took part in that and, the following year, led 200 men-at-arms and forty knights to fight with the French at the Battle of Poitiers.

Battle of Poitiers - public domain

For a time, France was so battered as to have no funds for sending to Scotland, and Scotland’s King David I took peace with England as a policy. Even after King Robert II’s accession and the treaty’s renewal, neither nation saw any effects. It was in the following century that thousands of Scots once more went to the defense of Scotland. The Earl of Douglas’s son, the Earl of Wigtoun, and the Earl of Buchan helped the French defeat the English at the Battle of Baugé in 1421. It was a turning point in the Hundred Years’ War. King Charles VII granted Douglas the Duchy of Touraine, the first foreigner to be granted a dukedom in France. On May 8, 1429, Scots fought with Joan of Arc in the relief of Orléans, where legend has it bagpipes played Marche des Soldats de Robert Bruce as she entered the city.

England’s War of the Roses reduced the danger to both Scotland and France, at least for a time, but sometimes for good but often for bad, very bad; the Auld Alliance went on until James VI of Scotland, heir to the throne of England, repudiated it to strengthen his ties with England.

That, however, did not end the strong cultural ties between Scotland and France. The Scots’ language absorbed many French words. The ties with France could be seen in Scottish architecture, such as at Bothwell and Kildrummy Castle, built on French models. Many Scots who fought for France stayed to become citizens eventually. Scottish poets, bishops, and authors studied in France for centuries and brought the French influence home with them. The founder of Scotland’s first university, Bishop Henry Wardlaw, studied in France. So if you study there, you are benefiting from the Auld Alliance.

Cover - The Douglas BastardBlurb:

Young Archibald, the Black Douglas’s bastard son, returns from exile to a Scotland ravaged by war. The war-hardened Knight of Liddesdale will teach him what he must learn. And with danger on every side, he must learn to sleep with one eye open and a claymore in his hand because even their closest ally may betray them…

Buy Links:

The Douglas Bastard:

Universal Link:  https://books2read.com/u/4AAwdp 

Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0968X5V3Y 

Amazon US: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0968X5V3Y 

Cover - Trust and TreasonAmazon CA: https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B0968X5V3Y 

Amazon AU: https://www.amazon.com.au/dp/B0968X5V3Y

Barnes and Noble: https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/the-douglas-bastard-a-historical-novel-of-scotland-j-r-tomlin/1140930069 

Kobo: https://www.kobo.com/ebook/the-douglas-bastard

iBooks: https://books.apple.com/us/book/id1606972264 

Google Play: https://play.google.com/store/books/details/J_R_Tomlin_The_Douglas_Bastard?id=AM12EAAAQBAJ

Archibald the Grim Series on Amazon:

Amazon UK: https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0BDW1VJ61 

Amazon US:  https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0BDW1VJ61 

BIM-BLD224477 - © - Steve Smith

Author Bio:

J R Tomlin is the author of twenty historical novels.

Her historical novels are mainly set in Scotland. You can trace her love of that nation to the stories of Robert the Bruce and the Black Douglas that her grandmother read her when she was small and to her hillwalking through the Scottish Cairngorms, where the granite mountains have a gorgeous red glow under the setting sun.

In addition to having lived in Scotland, she has traveled in the US, mainland Europe, and the Pacific Rim. She now lives in Oregon.

Social Media Links:

Website: http://www.jrtomlin.com  

Twitter: https://twitter.com/TomlinJeanne 

Book Bub: https://www.bookbub.com/profile/j-r-tomlin 

Amazon Author Page: https://www.amazon.com/stores/J.R.-Tomlin/author/B002J4ME1S

Goodreads: https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/4094154.J_R_Tomlin

Book Review: “Mary Queen of Scots’ Secretary: William Maitland- Politician, Reformer, and Conspirator” by Robert Stedall

One of the most dynamic queens in 16th century Europe who spent most of her youth in a country that was not her homeland, but was fighting for the right to rule England. Her name was Mary Queen of Scots, the cousin of Queen Elizabeth I. Many know of her tragic tale, but there was a man who was behind the scenes trying to guide Scotland to a brighter future. He was not married to Mary Queen of Scots, but he was influential in her life and choosing who she might marry and who she would end up divorcing. He was a politician and a religious reformer whose decisions would alter history dramatically. His name was William Maitland and he served as Mary’s secretary. He is always mentioned as a footnote in history, until now. Robert Stedall’s latest biography, “Mary Queen of Scots’ Secretary: William Maitland- Politician, Reformer, and Conspirator”, explores the life and legacy of this rather extraordinary secretary.

I would like to thank Pen and Sword Books and Net Galley for sending me a copy of this book. When I saw this book, I was intrigued since I had never heard of William Maitland, except in footnotes in books about Mary Queen of Scots that I have read in the past. I wanted to know more about the man who knew Mary so well and helped her with such significant decisions in her life.

After Mary Queen of Scots’ first husband, Francis II of France passed away at a young age, she made the journey back to the country of her birth, Scotland, where she was introduced to William Maitland. As a Protestant reformer, he believed that the best thing for the country and the Scottish Reformation would be to break the Auld Alliance with France and to gain closer ties with England. Mary’s second husband, Lord Darnley, is less than agreeable to Maitland, so he and others help plot his murder. This decision led to Mary’s imprisonment and the succession of her son James as king.

Stedall’s whole premise revolves around the idea that Maitland helped plan Darnley’s murder. I do have a few problems with this book. First, for a biography that should revolve around Maitland, it felt like Maitland was more of a background character to Mary’s story. Second, the case that he lays out for Maitland being involved in the murder revolves around the validity of the infamous Casket Letters, which many believe are forgeries and have disappeared. It is hard to prove a case when the evidence in question may have been forgeries and are lost to history. Finally, I felt like Stedall’s writing style was a bit dry for my personal taste. I know that this was supposed to be academic in nature, with the focus on the political and religious nature of Maitland’s life, but it just fell flat to me.

Overall, I felt like this book was okay. It may have shown how the political and religious divides influenced the decisions of Mary Queen of Scots’ reign, but it needed a stronger focus on William Maitland. I feel like Stedall has a passion for this period of Scottish history and he has done his research, but he needed to rein it in a bit more. I think if you enjoy reading about Mary Queen of Scots, “Mary Queen of Scots’ Secretary: William Maitland- Politician, Reformer and Conspirator” by Robert Stedall might be a book you should check out.